Kisspeptin-10: Hormone Peptide for Libido and Fertility - Evidence, Dosage, Regulatory Status

Key takeaways

• Kisspeptin is the hypothalamic hormone that switches on the reproductive axis: it makes the brain release GnRH, which drives LH, FSH and then testosterone or estrogen. Kisspeptin-10 is its shortest active fragment and the version sold online; most human trials used the longer kisspeptin-54.
• The human evidence is real but is almost all laboratory physiology from a few groups, led by Imperial College London: single intravenous doses or infusions raise LH and testosterone in men, work in women only at some points of the menstrual cycle, trigger egg maturation in IVF, and change how the brain responds to erotic images.
• The libido evidence is two single-infusion trials in 32 men and 32 women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Brain responses shifted in both; men showed more penile tumescence and more 'happiness about sex'; women's desire scores did not change. Nobody has tested repeated doses for desire.
• Repeated or continuous exposure blunts the response, and a long-acting analog pushed testosterone into the castration range. The fixed daily microgram injections on seller charts have never been studied.
• No kisspeptin product is approved anywhere. Kisspeptin-10 has been in FDA's Category 2 since September 2023, FDA's advisory committee voted 0 to 11 against it in October 2024, and no US pharmacy may legally compound it.

Kisspeptin-10 at a glance

Also called

KP-10, kisspeptin 10, metastin 45-54, kiss peptide

Class

Kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R, formerly GPR54) agonist: the shortest fully active fragment of kisspeptin, the hypothalamic hormone that triggers GnRH release and with it LH, FSH and sex hormones

Route

Studied as intravenous boluses and infusions and, since 2026, as subcutaneous infusions, all in research units; sold online as powder vials for subcutaneous self-injection, a use no study has tested

FDA status

Not approved by FDA, and FDA found no approved kisspeptin-10 product in any country. In FDA's Category 2 (significant safety risks) since September 29, 2023; FDA's compounding advisory committee voted 0 to 11 against adding it to the 503A bulks list on October 29, 2024. No US pharmacy may legally compound it as of October 2026.

FDA Category 2 (compounding restricted)

Yes — not eligible for routine 503A compounding

Available by prescription (US)

Not as a prescription product

Best-studied use

Research only: reproductive-hormone physiology in healthy volunteers, hypothalamic amenorrhea, the IVF egg-maturation trigger, and brain responses to sexual cues, including single-infusion trials in men and women with low sexual desire (most of these with kisspeptin-54)

Typical monthly cost (telehealth, 2026)

No legal prescription product exists in the US, so there is no legitimate price; research-labeled vials are not a comparable product and are not priced here

What kisspeptin is and how it works

Kisspeptin is a peptide hormone made by neurons in the hypothalamus. It binds a receptor called KISS1R (once GPR54) on the neurons that release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and each burst of GnRH tells the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn run the testes and ovaries. People born with mutations that switch off kisspeptin signaling do not go through puberty normally and are infertile (Jayasena 2014), which is why the hormone is often described as the gatekeeper of reproduction.

The body makes several lengths of kisspeptin from one precursor protein. Kisspeptin-54 is the main form in the blood and the one used in most human trials. Kisspeptin-10 is the final ten amino acids, the part that binds the receptor, and the shortest sequence with full activity (George 2011). What matters in practice is how long each lasts: about 28 minutes in plasma for kisspeptin-54 (Dhillo 2005), about 4 minutes for kisspeptin-10 (FDA briefing 2024). That is why it is given by vein, as a bolus with frequent blood sampling or as an infusion, rather than as a shot under the skin.

Two features limit it. It works upstream, so it needs a functioning pituitary and gonads. And the axis responds to pulses, not constant signals: continuous GnRH shuts it down, and kisspeptin, as the studies below show, can do the same.

Kisspeptin receptors also sit in limbic brain regions involved in emotion and sexual motivation, which led the Imperial College group to ask whether kisspeptin links hormones with sexual behavior (Comninos 2017). That research question is the origin of the libido marketing; kisspeptin vs PT-141 compares it with the one approved libido peptide.

What the evidence actually shows

FDA's 2024 review counted roughly 300 people who had received kisspeptin-10 in published studies, possibly with overlap, almost all as one or two doses or an infusion lasting a day or less, and found no trial of kisspeptin-10 given on a schedule for more than a day (FDA briefing 2024). The kisspeptin-54 literature is larger and includes phase 2 fertility trials.

Kisspeptin claims, graded by the evidence behind them

Claim	Grade	What the evidence shows	Sources
Raises LH and testosterone in healthy men	B	Consistent in small laboratory studies. A 90-minute IV infusion of kisspeptin-54 in 6 men raised mean LH from 4.2 to 10.8 IU/L and testosterone from 21.7 to 24.9 nmol/L versus saline. Kisspeptin-10 IV boluses peaked at 1 mcg/kg, and a 22.5-hour infusion raised testosterone from 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L in 4 men.	Dhillo 2005; George 2011
Works the same way in women	B	No. In groups of 4 to 5 women, kisspeptin-10 changed nothing in the early (follicular) phase of the cycle, even at 10 nmol/kg IV or 32 nmol/kg under the skin, but raised LH and FSH just before ovulation; men responded to 0.3 nmol/kg IV.	Jayasena 2011
Treats hypothalamic amenorrhea (lost periods)	C	In 10 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, twice-daily kisspeptin-54 injections (6.4 nmol/kg) raised LH by 24.0 IU/L on day 1 but by only 2.5 IU/L on day 14, with no change in LH pulses or ovarian ultrasound. No study has shown restored cycles or pregnancies.	Jayasena 2009
Triggers egg maturation in IVF	B	A single injection of kisspeptin-54 matured eggs in 53 women (clinical pregnancy 23%) and, in a randomized dose trial of 60 women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation, in 95%, with a 45% live-birth rate per transfer and no moderate or severe hyperstimulation. Phase 2 only.	Jayasena 2014; Abbara 2015
Heightens sexual response in healthy adults	C	In 29 healthy young men, a 75-minute kisspeptin-54 infusion enhanced limbic brain activity in response to sexual and couple-bonding images and reduced negative mood on fMRI. A brain-imaging signal during one infusion, not a measure of desire or sexual activity.	Comninos 2017
Raises desire in men with low sexual desire (HSDD)	C	One crossover trial, 32 men, one 75-minute IV infusion in a scanner. Brain responses to sexual videos changed (the primary outcome); penile tumescence was up to 56% greater than on placebo and 'happiness about sex' rose 0.63 points. No repeat dosing and no outcome outside the lab.	Mills 2023
Raises desire in women with low sexual desire (HSDD)	C	One crossover trial, 32 premenopausal women, the same infusion. Brain responses to erotic videos and attractive faces changed, but desire and arousal questionnaire scores did not; an exploratory 'feeling sexy' item rose 0.5 points.	Thurston 2022
Daily self-injected kisspeptin-10 boosts libido or testosterone safely over weeks	D	Never studied. The longest kisspeptin-10 data are 12 days of 8-hour subcutaneous infusions in 7 men; a continuous 5-day infusion let LH and FSH fall back to placebo levels, and a long-acting analog infused for 14 days drove testosterone into the castration range.	Yeung 2026; MacLean 2014; FDA briefing 2024

Three things stand out. Almost everything is acute physiology: hormone changes in the minutes and hours after a dose, in a research unit, which is a long way from evidence that anyone feels or functions differently over weeks. The forms differ from what is sold: the fertility and libido trials used kisspeptin-54, intravenously or as one injection, while the product sold online is kisspeptin-10 for daily injection under the skin, a route and schedule FDA could not find studied in men with low testosterone (FDA briefing 2024). More is not better: like GnRH, kisspeptin switches the axis on with intermittent signals and can switch it off with constant ones.

Hormones in men and women

In six men, a 90-minute intravenous infusion of kisspeptin-54 more than doubled mean LH and nudged testosterone up (Dhillo 2005), and kisspeptin-10 boluses raised LH dose-dependently up to 1 mcg/kg, with a smaller response above it (George 2011). Women are different: men responded to a bolus as small as 0.3 nmol/kg, while women in the follicular phase showed no change at any dose or route tested and only women close to ovulation responded (Jayasena 2011). Any claim that kisspeptin works "for women" as a group ignores the cycle.

Hypothalamic amenorrhea and tachyphylaxis

Hypothalamic amenorrhea, lost periods from stress, low weight or heavy exercise, is a logical target because the problem sits upstream of a healthy pituitary. Twice-daily kisspeptin-54 injections produced a large LH rise on day 1 that had almost vanished by day 14, with no ovarian response, while the women still responded to GnRH itself (Jayasena 2009). That loss of response is called tachyphylaxis.

In 2026 the Imperial group tested schedules in 15 healthy men across three studies: a continuous 5-day subcutaneous infusion of kisspeptin-10 let LH and FSH fall back to placebo levels (testosterone stayed higher), while 8-hour daily infusions with 16 hours off still produced a modest LH rise on day 12 (Yeung 2026). Industry saw the extreme version: Takeda's long-acting analog TAK-448, infused for 14 days in healthy men, drove testosterone below baseline within 60 hours and into the castration range by day 8 (MacLean 2014). A kisspeptin agonist given too often is not a testosterone booster; it can be the opposite.

IVF: the clearest clinical use

The most developed application replaces the usual hCG or GnRH-agonist trigger for final egg maturation in IVF with one injection of kisspeptin-54. In the first series of 53 women, 12 (23%) had a clinical pregnancy (Jayasena 2014); the phase 2 randomized dose trial in 60 women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation matured eggs in 95%, with no moderate or severe hyperstimulation (Abbara 2015). It is one dose, timed by a fertility team, and we found no phase 3 trial against standard triggers.

Sexual brain processing and the HSDD trials

In 29 healthy young men, a 75-minute kisspeptin-54 infusion (1 nmol/kg per hour) enhanced limbic activity specifically in response to sexual and couple-bonding images, before testosterone had time to rise (Comninos 2017). Two randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trials then gave the same infusion to people with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), with brain responses on fMRI as the primary outcome:

• Women: 32 premenopausal women (mean age 29) completed both visits. Brain responses changed and correlated with lower sexual aversion, but desire and arousal questionnaire scores did not; no adverse effects were reported (Thurston 2022).
• Men: 32 men (mean age 38) completed. Brain activity in the sexual-processing network changed (effect size 0.81), tumescence during an 8-minute sexual video was up to 56% greater than on placebo, and 'happiness about sex' rose; no adverse events were reported (Mills 2023).

These careful proof-of-concept studies are the entire evidence base for kisspeptin and libido. Each tested one intravenous dose of kisspeptin-54, in a scanner, with effects measured during the infusion; none tested kisspeptin-10, injections, repeated doses or sexual life at home. Two senior authors disclosed consulting for a company developing a kisspeptin-receptor agonist, outside the submitted work.

What you are promised versus what is documented

Seller and clinic pages promise more testosterone and energy, stronger libido, better erections, fertility support, a "natural" alternative to hCG or testosterone therapy, and sometimes weight loss or menopause relief. FDA noted in 2024 that weight loss and fertility were the most common uses on clinic websites (FDA briefing 2024).

• Documented in humans, in the lab: acute rises in LH, FSH and testosterone in men; cycle-dependent responses in women; egg maturation in IVF with kisspeptin-54; changed brain responses to sexual cues during an infusion, with more tumescence in men with HSDD.
• Plausible but unproven: a libido benefit from repeated dosing; sustained testosterone support beyond 12 days; preserving sperm production in men on testosterone therapy, the use pharmacies nominated it for, which FDA found unsupported.
• Not supported: weight loss, energy or cognition; menopause relief; any effect of the daily injections sellers chart; the idea that more frequent dosing works better.

Kisspeptin compared with the realistic alternatives

Sources: the kisspeptin rows from the studies above and FDA briefing 2024, which lists testosterone, hCG and FSH as FDA-approved treatments for secondary hypogonadism in men; PT-141 from its full profile.

For low desire, PT-141 is the only approved peptide, with a small effect; the PT-141 for women guide covers who it suits. For low testosterone with fertility goals, hCG has the track record kisspeptin is trying to earn.

Dosage: what was studied versus what sellers circulate

Two things make the seller charts unlike anything in the literature. The amounts are fixed rather than weight-based, and they are injected under the skin: kisspeptin-10 clears from the blood in about four minutes, almost all of its studied doses went in by vein, and the one study that gave it as a single subcutaneous injection, in follicular-phase women, measured no hormone response at all (Jayasena 2011). The subcutaneous regimens tested in 2026 were pump infusions, and the continuous one stopped raising LH and FSH within five days (Yeung 2026). The kisspeptin dosage guide sets out every studied regimen, study by study.

We do not publish a reconstitution example or a units chart for kisspeptin, because no legal prescription product exists to prepare; it would amount to a protocol for an unapproved drug at a dose nobody has studied.

Side effects and who should not use it

What the trials report. No serious adverse events were reported in the published kisspeptin-10 studies, but FDA noted they were short, small and often did not record adverse events at all (FDA briefing 2024). The two HSDD trials reported no adverse effects, and in 95 volunteers given the 75-minute kisspeptin-54 infusion, anxiety, cortisol, blood pressure and heart rate did not differ from placebo (Mills 2025).

What is unknown, and what FDA flagged.

• Hormonal shutdown with frequent dosing. The pattern above, from tachyphylaxis in women to castration-range testosterone with a long-acting analog, is the predictable risk of dosing too often (MacLean 2014).
• Immune reactions and impurities. FDA concluded that injected kisspeptin-10 may pose a significant risk of immunogenicity, amplified by aggregation and peptide-related impurities, and that it is not well characterized as a substance (FDA briefing 2024). Research powders have no verified purity.
• An animal signal. In mice prone to atherosclerosis, four weeks of continuous kisspeptin-10 infusion accelerated arterial plaque at both doses tested; FDA called the clinical relevance unclear (FDA briefing 2024).
• The only real-world report. FDA's adverse-event database held one case: a 17-year-old with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism given compounded kisspeptin-10, 100 mcg a day under the skin for six weeks to raise testosterone, who gained weight and had a rise in estrone; the report lacked detail to judge cause (FDA briefing 2024).

Do not use kisspeptin outside a trial, and in particular not if you:

• are pregnant, trying to conceive, or in fertility treatment (a fertility clinic, not a vial, is the place for kisspeptin's most developed use);
• have a hormone-sensitive cancer, including prostate or breast cancer, or a pituitary disorder;
• are on testosterone therapy, hCG or other hormonal treatment that your prescriber manages, since kisspeptin changes the same axis;
• are an adolescent, because the hormone governs puberty;
• have cardiovascular disease, given the animal signal and the absence of human data.

Legal status in the United States

Kisspeptin's legal position is simpler than that of most wellness peptides, because nothing about it changed in 2026. The framework is in are peptides legal?; the kisspeptin-specific record follows.

• Never approved. FDA's 2024 review found no approved product containing kisspeptin-10 in any country, no USP or National Formulary monograph, and no listing in the European or Japanese pharmacopeias (FDA briefing 2024). It fails all three tests for 503A compounding.
• Category 2 since September 29, 2023. FDA added kisspeptin-10 to Category 2 of its interim 503A policy, citing a possible immunogenicity risk for some routes, complexities with peptide-related impurities and characterization, and little or no safety information for the proposed routes (FDA Category 2 list).
• Voted down in October 2024. On October 29, 2024, FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee reviewed kisspeptin-10 for the treatment of secondary hypogonadism in men, the use its nominator proposed, alongside ipamorelin, ibutamoren and L-theanine. FDA proposed that it not be added to the 503A bulks list; the vote was 0 yes, 11 no, 0 abstentions, and the committee "unanimously agreed" it should not be included because of a lack of convincing safety and efficacy data (FDA PCAC minutes 2024). Note what was not reviewed: libido. No one nominated kisspeptin for sexual desire.
• Not part of the 2026 thaw. Kisspeptin-10 was not among the twelve peptides FDA removed from Category 2 on April 15, 2026, and it was not on the July 2026 advisory agenda. When we checked FDA's Category 2 page on October 10, 2026, it was still listed there (FDA Category 2 list).
• No legal pharmacy supply. No 503A pharmacy or 503B outsourcing facility may legally prepare kisspeptin-10, and a prescription does not change that. FDA noted in 2024 that some pharmacies had reported compounding injectable and troche versions; any that do so now are outside the 503A exemptions.
• Research vials are unapproved drugs. FDA's 2026 warning letters to research-peptide sellers rejected the "research use only" label as a defense when websites carry dosing guides and calculators; see the 2026 legal tracker.

Cost and how to get it prescribed

There is no legitimate way to obtain kisspeptin in the United States in October 2026, so this section has no price and no provider to recommend. What a clinician can do instead depends on the goal:

1. Low sexual desire. A proper evaluation for hypoactive sexual desire disorder, including medications and relationship and medical causes; the approved options are bremelanotide for premenopausal women and flibanserin for women under 65. The PT-141 profile covers the drug and its limits.
2. Low testosterone. Confirmed low levels on repeated morning tests, then FDA-approved treatment; if fertility matters, hCG rather than testosterone alone.
3. Fertility. A reproductive endocrinologist. Kisspeptin as an IVF trigger exists only within clinical trials.
4. Kisspeptin itself. A registered clinical trial. Most published kisspeptin trials come from academic centers in the United Kingdom.

Kisspeptin for women and for men

Women. The response depends on the cycle phase: kisspeptin-10 did nothing measurable in the follicular phase in healthy women and worked just before ovulation (Jayasena 2011). The HSDD trial enrolled premenopausal women and found brain changes without a change in desire scores (Thurston 2022). After menopause, LH and FSH are already high and the ovaries no longer respond, so there is no plausible mechanism for kisspeptin to restore estrogen or relieve symptoms; our menopause guide and peptides for women guide cover what has evidence.

Men. Men respond more consistently to single doses, and the HSDD trial in men produced the most clinically suggestive result to date (Mills 2023). But the use men are sold it for, daily injections to raise testosterone or protect fertility on testosterone therapy, is the one FDA reviewed and rejected for lack of evidence; continuous exposure blunted LH and FSH within days (Yeung 2026), and a long-acting analog lowered testosterone (MacLean 2014).

Bottom line

Kisspeptin is one of the most interesting hormones in reproductive medicine, and the research behind it is careful work by credible groups. What it reliably does is switch on the reproductive axis for a short time after a dose, mature eggs in IVF when given once by a fertility team, and change how the brain responds to sexual cues during an infusion. What it has not been shown to do is raise libido or testosterone over weeks in anyone, and the kisspeptin-10 sold online uses a form, route and schedule that no study has tested.

A reasonable interest in kisspeptin today is following the trials, or joining one. An unreasonable one is a research vial bought on the promise of better sex: the regulator reviewed the evidence in 2024 and voted it down unanimously, and the pharmacology suggests that daily dosing may switch the system off.

Frequently asked questions

+−What does kisspeptin do?

Kisspeptin is the hormone at the top of the reproductive axis. Released by neurons in the hypothalamus, it makes GnRH neurons fire, which drives the pituitary to release LH and FSH, which in turn drive testosterone and sperm production in men and estrogen and ovulation in women. In laboratory studies a single dose raises LH within minutes. It also acts in emotional and sexual brain regions, which is why it has been studied for low desire.

+−Is kisspeptin FDA approved?

No. No kisspeptin product is approved by FDA, and FDA's 2024 review found no approved product containing kisspeptin-10 in any country. FDA has listed kisspeptin-10 in Category 2 (significant safety risks for compounding) since September 29, 2023, and its compounding advisory committee voted 0 to 11 against allowing pharmacies to use it on October 29, 2024. Vials sold online are unapproved drugs.

+−Does kisspeptin increase testosterone?

Acutely, yes, in men with a working pituitary and testes. A 90-minute intravenous infusion of kisspeptin-54 raised testosterone from 21.7 to 24.9 nmol/L in six men, and a 22.5-hour kisspeptin-10 infusion raised it from 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L in four. Over longer periods the picture changes: continuous infusion for five days let LH and FSH fall back to placebo levels, and a long-acting kisspeptin analog pushed testosterone into the castration range. No study has tested daily self-injections.

+−Does kisspeptin increase libido in women?

Not on the evidence so far. In the only trial in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 32 premenopausal women received a single 75-minute intravenous infusion of kisspeptin-54 in a brain scanner; their brain responses to erotic videos and attractive faces changed, but their desire and arousal questionnaire scores did not, and only an exploratory 'feeling sexy' item rose. In men the same infusion produced more measurable effects. Nobody has tested repeated doses.

+−Is kisspeptin safe?

In laboratory studies of single doses and infusions lasting up to a day, and in 12 days of subcutaneous infusions in seven men, no serious side effects were reported, and in 95 volunteers it did not change anxiety, cortisol, blood pressure or heart rate. What is unknown is everything that matters for self-use: repeated injections for weeks, the purity of research powders, immune reactions to impurities, and the hormonal shutdown that continuous exposure can cause. FDA also flagged animal data in which kisspeptin-10 accelerated atherosclerosis in susceptible mice.

+−Can kisspeptin replace hCG or TRT?

No, not on current evidence. hCG and testosterone are FDA-approved for male hypogonadism, and hCG can raise testosterone and support sperm production at the same time. Kisspeptin-10 was nominated for exactly that use (male hypogonadism and preserving fertility during testosterone therapy), and FDA concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness, with no studies of subcutaneous or intramuscular kisspeptin-10 in hypogonadal men; its committee agreed unanimously. Kisspeptin also needs a working pituitary, and repeated exposure blunts its effect.

+−Is kisspeptin good for menopause?

There is no study of kisspeptin for menopause symptoms. After menopause the ovaries no longer respond to LH and FSH, which are already high, so stimulating the axis further has no plausible route to restoring estrogen. The trial in women with low desire enrolled premenopausal women only. For menopause symptoms, the treatments with evidence are covered in our menopause guide.

+−Does kisspeptin help with fertility?

In a specific, supervised setting, possibly. A single injection of kisspeptin-54 timed in an IVF cycle matured eggs in 95% of 60 women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation, with a 45% live-birth rate per embryo transfer and no moderate or severe hyperstimulation, in a phase 2 trial in London. That is a one-time trigger given by a fertility clinic, not a daily fertility supplement, and no kisspeptin product is approved for it.

+−What is the difference between kisspeptin and kisspeptin-10?

Kisspeptin is a family of peptides cut from one precursor protein. Kisspeptin-54 is the main form in the blood and the one used in most human trials, including the IVF and libido studies; it lasts about 28 minutes in the circulation. Kisspeptin-10 is the last ten amino acids, the part that binds the receptor; it is fully active but lasts only about 4 minutes. Kisspeptin-10 is what sellers offer, because it is short and cheap to make.

Sources

1. StudyDhillo WS et al. Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6609-15. (2005)
2. StudyGeorge JT et al. Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1228-36. (2011)
3. StudyJayasena CN et al. The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1963-72. (2011)
4. StudyJayasena CN et al. Subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin-54 acutely stimulates gonadotropin secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, but chronic administration causes tachyphylaxis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:4315-23. (2009)
5. StudyYeung AC et al. Chronic subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 stimulates gonadotropin secretion for 12 days in healthy men. Eur J Endocrinol 2026;195:206-16. (2026)
6. StudyMacLean DB et al. Sustained exposure to the investigational kisspeptin analog, TAK-448, down-regulates testosterone into the castration range in healthy males and in patients with prostate cancer: results from two phase 1 studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:E1445-53. (2014)
7. StudyJayasena CN et al. Kisspeptin-54 triggers egg maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. J Clin Invest 2014;124:3667-77. (2014)
8. StudyAbbara A et al. Efficacy of kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) during in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:3322-31. (2015)
9. StudyComninos AN et al. Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans. J Clin Invest 2017;127:709-19. (2017)
10. StudyThurston L et al. Effects of kisspeptin administration in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e2236131. (2022)
11. StudyMills EG et al. Effects of kisspeptin on sexual brain processing and penile tumescence in men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023;6:e2254313. (2023)
12. StudyMills EG et al. Kisspeptin administration stimulates reproductive hormones but does not affect anxiety in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2025;110:3133-41. (2025)
13. RegulatoryFDA. Briefing document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting of October 29, 2024 (FDA evaluation of kisspeptin-10 for the 503A bulks list). (2024)
14. RegulatoryFDA. Final summary minutes of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting, October 29, 2024 (kisspeptin-10: 0 yes, 11 no, 0 abstain). (2024)
15. RegulatoryFDA. Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks (Category 2 list; kisspeptin-10 added September 29, 2023).