TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4): Benefits, Dosage & How It Compares to BPC-157

Key takeaways

• Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein found in nearly every cell, best known for binding actin and for promoting cell migration and new blood vessels. TB-500 is a product name for a synthetic fragment, usually the acetylated amino acids 17 to 23 (Ac-LKKTETQ), and what is actually in a vial varies by vendor.
• Every human trial you will see cited for TB-500 was a trial of full-length thymosin beta-4, run by a US company as eye drops, skin gel or intravenous infusion for dry eye, corneal ulcers, leg and pressure ulcers, epidermolysis bullosa and heart attack. Results were mixed, the two large dry-eye trials failed their primary endpoints, and nothing was approved.
• There is no human study of TB-500 itself. FDA said exactly that at its July 23, 2026 advisory meeting, and one committee member said the staff could not identify a single human clinical study. The only animal study of the fragment, in 32 rats, appeared in 2026.
• The cancer question is real: thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many tumors, and making mouse melanoma cells produce more of it roughly doubled tumor size and quadrupled lung metastases. FDA and several panelists raised the signal in 2026.
• TB-500 is named on the WADA Prohibited List under S2 and banned at all times. Legally, it is off FDA's Category 2 list since April 2026, recommended 8-6-1 by the advisory committee, and still not compoundable by any US pharmacy as of October 2026. What clinics sell is a research vial.

TB-500 at a glance

Also called

TB500, thymosin beta-4 fragment, Ac-LKKTETQ, thymosin beta-4 (17-23), Tb4 (as sold)

Class

Synthetic peptide marketed as thymosin beta-4; usually the N-acetylated 17-23 fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ) of the 43-amino-acid protein, with vendor-to-vendor variation in what is actually in the vial

Route

Sold as subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; full-length thymosin beta-4 was studied in humans as eye drops, a topical gel and intravenous infusion

FDA status

Never approved. Placed in FDA's Category 2 between 2023 and 2024 and removed on April 15, 2026 after its nomination was withdrawn. FDA's advisory committee voted 8-6-1 on July 23, 2026 to recommend it for the 503A bulks list even though FDA said there are no studies on TB-500 itself; no rule has been published as of October 2026, so no US pharmacy may compound it.

FDA Category 2 (compounding restricted)

No

Available by prescription (US)

Not as a prescription product

Best-studied use

No human study of TB-500 itself. Full-length thymosin beta-4 has been tested in small trials for dry eye, neurotrophic keratopathy, venous and pressure ulcers, epidermolysis bullosa and heart attack

Typical monthly cost (telehealth, 2026)

No legal compounded product exists in the US; what clinics and websites sell is an unapproved research vial whose contents vary by vendor

Thymosin beta-4 versus TB-500: two different things

Thymosin beta-4 is a small protein of 43 amino acids present in essentially all cells and body fluids, where it holds actin monomers in reserve so the cell can build its skeleton on demand. That job makes it central to cell movement, and in the 1990s and 2000s it was found to promote the migration of skin and corneal cells, the growth of new blood vessels, cell survival and the dampening of inflammation, which made it a candidate wound-healing drug (Sosne 2010). It is released by platelets at the site of injury and is abundant in wound fluid; your body already makes a lot of it.

Different pieces of the protein do different things. The first four amino acids, cut off as the peptide Ac-SDKP, reduce inflammation and fibrosis. The first 15 promote cell survival. And a stretch in the middle, amino acids 17 to 23 (Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln, written LKKTETQ), is the actin-binding site and, in cell and animal experiments, the part that promotes migration, angiogenesis and wound closure (Sosne 2010).

TB-500 is not a scientific name. It first appeared as a product in horse-racing and bodybuilding channels, and when doping-control laboratories analyzed it they found its key ingredient was that 17-to-23 fragment with an acetyl group on the front, Ac-LKKTETQ (Esposito 2012). A seven-amino-acid peptide is a different molecule from a 43-amino-acid protein: it is cleared differently, lacks the anti-inflammatory and pro-survival regions, and whatever the full protein does in a trial cannot be assumed for the fragment. The confusion is not accidental. Sellers describe TB-500 as 'synthetic thymosin beta-4', cite thymosin beta-4 research, and sometimes sell the full-length protein or something else under the same name; when a French racing laboratory analyzed TB500 and TB1000 products bought online in 2023, their contents were not consistently what the descriptions claimed (Delcourt 2023). FDA made the same point in July 2026: the sequences and molecular weights of what is sold as TB-500 vary by vendor, one reason its reviewers said the substance was not adequately characterized.

What the evidence actually shows

The evidence for the fragment sold as TB-500 and the evidence for the protein it is cut from are graded separately below, because sellers mix them and FDA does not.

TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 claims, graded by the evidence behind them

Claim	Grade	What the evidence shows	Sources
TB-500 (the fragment) heals tendons, muscles or wounds in humans	D	No human study of any kind. FDA acknowledged at its July 2026 advisory meeting that there are no studies on TB-500 itself; dissenting panelists cited the paucity of efficacy data.	HPM 2026
TB-500 heals tendons in animals	D	One study: 32 rats with a cut and repaired Achilles tendon given TB-500 60 mcg/kg, BPC-157 10 mcg/kg, both, or nothing, injected daily for four weeks. TB-500 alone had higher load to failure and better tissue scores than controls; adding BPC-157 gave no extra benefit.	Bicer 2026
The 17-23 fragment is biologically active	D	In cell and animal experiments the LKKTETQ region promotes cell migration, angiogenesis and wound closure; this is the basis for selling it, and also for the tumor concern.	Sosne 2010
Full-length thymosin beta-4 treats dry eye	C	A 72-patient Phase 2 of 0.1% drops missed both primary endpoints. Two Phase 3 trials of 601 and 699 patients followed; the posted results of the larger show identical changes in corneal staining and discomfort on drug and placebo. No approval.	Sosne 2015; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03937882
Full-length thymosin beta-4 heals neurotrophic corneal ulcers	B	Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 in 18 patients: complete healing at 4 weeks in 6 of 10 on 0.1% drops versus 1 of 8 on placebo (p = 0.066), with less discomfort. Narrow indication, eye drops, pharmaceutical-grade product.	Sosne 2022
Full-length thymosin beta-4 heals venous and pressure ulcers	C	Two Phase 2 dose-escalation trials of a topical gel, 72 to 73 patients each. In venous ulcers the 0.03% dose 'may' have accelerated healing, with closure within 3 months in about a quarter of patients; healing was about a month faster only among those who healed. No Phase 3, no approval.	Guarnera 2010; Treadwell 2012
Full-length thymosin beta-4 treats epidermolysis bullosa	D	A Phase 2 of topical gel begun in 2006 was terminated for lack of patients and expiry of the drug; a second trial enrolled 4 patients in 2019 and was also terminated. The published support is a company-affiliated review, not trial results.	Yang 2019
Full-length thymosin beta-4 protects the heart after a heart attack	C	Strong mouse data. In a 96-patient randomized trial of recombinant thymosin beta-4 after stenting for STEMI, infarct area at 90 days was not significantly different overall; it was smaller in the subgroup dosed within 8 hours.	Zhang 2025
Injected full-length thymosin beta-4 is safe short term	B	Four cohorts of 10 healthy volunteers received placebo or a single intravenous dose of 42, 140, 420 or 1,260 mg, then the same regimen daily for 14 days: adverse events infrequent and mild, no dose-limiting toxicity. Pharmaceutical-grade protein, not a research vial, and not the fragment.	Ruff 2010
TB-500 is safe for people with cancer	D	The signal runs the other way: thymosin beta-4 expression tracks metastatic potential, and forcing melanoma cells to overexpress it in mice increased tumor size from 13 to 22 mm and lung metastases from 11 to 47 per animal. No human safety data.	Cha 2003; HPM 2026

The thymosin beta-4 trials, and why they are not TB-500 trials

A US biotechnology company spent the 2000s and 2010s developing synthetic full-length thymosin beta-4 as a drug, and most of the human data come from its programs. The Phase 1 program gave 40 healthy volunteers, in four cohorts, placebo or intravenous doses from 42 mg up to 1,260 mg, once and then daily for two weeks, and found infrequent, mild adverse events and no dose-limiting toxicity (Ruff 2010); a planned Phase 2 in heart attack patients was withdrawn before enrolling anyone. The dermal program ran two Phase 2 dose-escalation trials of a topical gel, 72 to 73 patients each, in venous stasis ulcers in Europe and pressure ulcers in the United States. The venous-ulcer investigators concluded that the 0.03 percent dose 'may have the potential' to accelerate healing, with complete closure in about a quarter of patients within three months (Guarnera 2010), and the program's summary was that healing was faster by almost a month 'in those patients that did heal' (Treadwell 2012): a signal, not a result, and no confirmatory trial was run. The epidermolysis bullosa trial, funded by FDA's orphan products office, was terminated after years of slow enrollment when the study drug expired; a second attempt enrolled four patients in 2019 and stopped (Yang 2019).

The eye program came closest. Thymosin beta-4 drops at 0.1 percent were tested in a 72-patient dry-eye trial using a controlled dry-air chamber and missed both primary endpoints, ocular discomfort and corneal staining, while improving several secondary measures (Sosne 2015). Two Phase 3 trials followed, with 601 and 699 patients; the results of the second, posted to the public registry in August 2026, show the drug and placebo groups changed almost identically on both primary endpoints, corneal staining falling 0.41 points on the drug and 0.46 on placebo and discomfort 0.4 in both (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03937882). In neurotrophic keratopathy, a rare condition in which the cornea loses sensation and will not heal, a small randomized Phase 3 found complete healing in 6 of 10 treated patients versus 1 of 8 on placebo, short of significance but with fewer recurrences and less discomfort (Sosne 2022); a second trial is recruiting. In China, a recombinant version has reached a 96-patient randomized trial in heart attack patients, in which the overall reduction in infarct size at 90 days was not significant, though it was in the subgroup dosed within eight hours of stenting (Zhang 2025).

Every one of those studies used the full 43-amino-acid protein, made to pharmaceutical standards, by the eye, the skin or an intravenous line, in patients with a diagnosed disease. None used the seven-amino-acid fragment, none used subcutaneous injection, none enrolled a healthy adult with a sore shoulder, and the closest any came to meeting a primary endpoint was the 18-patient corneal ulcer trial, which fell just short of statistical significance. Reading those papers as evidence for a vial of Ac-LKKTETQ injected into the abdomen is the central deception of the TB-500 market.

The fragment's own record

What is known about the fragment comes from doping-control science and one rat study. The laboratory that first characterized TB-500 synthesized Ac-LKKTETQ and built a method to detect it and its breakdown products in plasma and urine (Esposito 2012); a Korean doping laboratory later mapped its metabolites in rats and found that one of them, not the parent peptide, carried the wound-healing activity in a cell assay. In 2026 a Turkish orthopedic group published the first in-vivo test: 32 rats with a transected and repaired Achilles tendon were randomized to daily intraperitoneal TB-500 at 60 mcg/kg, BPC-157 at 10 mcg/kg, both, or nothing, for four weeks. TB-500 alone produced the best biomechanical and histological results, BPC-157 alone improved histology without reaching significance on the main scores, and the combination added nothing (Bicer 2026). One study, eight animals per group, four weeks: the entire efficacy literature on the substance people inject.

What FDA's reviewers said in July 2026

TB-500 was nominated to FDA's bulks list with wound healing as the proposed use, and the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee reviewed it on July 23, 2026. FDA's reviewers recommended against it, as they did for all seven peptides that week. According to the FDA Law Blog's account, FDA acknowledged that 'there are no studies on TB500 itself', and FDA and several panelists focused on a potential cancer signal; dissenting members cited the paucity of efficacy data, the overlap with tumor progression, and the fact that the substance is meant to be injected (HPM 2026). Supporters described it as part of the so-called Wolverine stack taken with BPC-157. The committee voted 8 to 6 with one abstention to recommend both the free-base and acetate forms anyway. FDA must complete rulemaking before any pharmacy may use it, and as of October 2026 it has not begun; the legal tracker follows the docket.

What you are promised versus what is documented

Seller pages promise faster healing of tendons, ligaments and muscle, reduced inflammation, improved flexibility, hair regrowth, better endurance, and recovery from injuries that have failed other treatment. Sorted by evidence:

• Documented for full-length thymosin beta-4 in humans: a healing signal in neurotrophic corneal ulcers with eye drops; a weak, unconfirmed signal in chronic skin ulcers with a gel; short-term tolerability of intravenous doses up to 1,260 mg in healthy volunteers; no benefit over placebo in two large dry-eye trials.
• Documented for the TB-500 fragment: better tendon healing than nothing in 8 rats; migration and angiogenesis activity in cell experiments.
• Not supported by any human evidence: every musculoskeletal, flexibility, hair, endurance and recovery claim made for TB-500.

TB-500 versus BPC-157 versus what you can actually be prescribed

The BPC-157 profile grades that compound's evidence row by row, and the Wolverine stack page covers the combination. For the realistic alternatives, read the comparison there: tendon problems are treated with structured loading programs and, where needed, procedures and surgery, all of which have outcome data that neither peptide has.

Dosage: what sellers quote versus what was studied

Two things stand out. First, the seller numbers cannot be traced to anything: scale the rat dose by body weight and a 70 kg adult would get about 4 mg a day, every day; scale it by body surface area and it is under 1 mg a day; neither resembles a 2.5 mg twice-weekly schedule, which appears to have been copied from forum to forum since the horse-racing days. Second, the safety data people cite, the 1,260 mg infusions, belong to a different molecule given a different way. A fragment with a different sequence, metabolism and immune profile does not inherit the safety record of the protein it was cut from.

Reading a seller's chart

A chart that says '5 mg vial, add 1 mL bacteriostatic water, 2.5 mg per injection' describes a 5 mg/mL solution, so 2.5 mg is 0.5 mL, or 50 units on a U-100 insulin syringe. The reconstitution calculator does that arithmetic for any vial; we show it so you can see what is being claimed, not because any study supports it.

Cancer, angiogenesis and the other risks

The cancer concern is the one that should decide most people. Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many human cancers, and its level in tumor cells tracks their ability to spread. In the experiment most often cited, mouse melanoma cells engineered to overexpress it formed tumors averaging 21.7 mm versus 13.3 mm for controls after 20 days and produced 46.7 lung metastases per mouse versus 10.9, with more than twice the cell migration and four times the blood vessels in the tumors (Cha 2003). Later work in colon cancer cells showed the protein promoting invasion. The region responsible for migration and angiogenesis is the actin-binding site, which is precisely the fragment in TB-500. This does not prove that injecting the fragment causes or accelerates cancer in people; nobody has looked. It does mean FDA and its advisers were right to flag it, and that a person with an undiagnosed tumor is the last person who should inject a migration-and-angiogenesis peptide for a sore hamstring.

Immune reactions. Any injected peptide can raise antibodies; impurities, aggregates and the wrong sequence make it more likely. The full-length protein's Phase 1 trials monitored for this; nobody monitors the fragment.

The product. The 2023 laboratory analysis of TB500 products found their contents inconsistent with their descriptions (Delcourt 2023). A vial that may contain the fragment, the full protein, a different peptide or less than the label says, with no sterility testing, is a risk in itself; infection at the site, abscess and systemic infection are the predictable consequences of non-sterile injectables.

Side effects. There is no systematic record for the fragment. People who inject research vials describe headache, lethargy, flushing, nausea and injection-site pain; none of it has been collected in a study. The full-length protein produced infrequent, mild adverse events at very large intravenous doses (Ruff 2010).

Who should not use it: anyone with an active cancer or a cancer history; anyone pregnant or breastfeeding; competitive athletes; people with a clotting disorder or on anticoagulants, given the protein's role in platelet biology; and anyone who is not prepared to inject a product checked by no one.

WADA status and drug testing

TB-500 is one of the few research peptides named individually on the Prohibited List. The 2026 list, in force since January 1, 2026, lists 'thymosin-beta 4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500' under S2.3, growth factors and growth factor modulators, alongside substances that affect muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis, vascularisation and regenerative capacity; everything in S2 is prohibited at all times, in and out of competition (WADA 2026). Doping laboratories have had detection methods for Ac-LKKTETQ and its metabolites since 2012 (Esposito 2012), full-length thymosin beta-4 has been found in confiscated black-market products, and in September 2025 USADA announced a four-year sanction for a triathlete who possessed and used BPC-157 and TB-500 and promoted them on social media. A therapeutic use exemption is not realistic for a substance with no approved use. Routine employment drug screens do not test for it.

Legal status in the United States

The full picture is in the legal tracker. In brief: TB-500 has never been approved anywhere, has no USP monograph and is not on FDA's 503A bulks list, so no licensed pharmacy may compound it. FDA placed it in Category 2 between 2023 and 2024, removed it on April 15, 2026 after the nomination was withdrawn, and its advisory committee voted 8-6-1 on July 23, 2026 to recommend it despite FDA's statement that no studies of the substance exist. Nothing changes until FDA publishes and finalizes a rule, which it had not begun to do as of October 2026. Selling it for human use is illegal regardless of a 'research use only' label, as FDA's 2026 warning letters to peptide vendors spelled out; possessing it is not a crime.

Cost and the 'prescription' question

There is no legal compounded TB-500 in the United States, so there is no legitimate price. Clinics that list it, alone or in the Wolverine stack, are selling research vials with a consultation attached, and the prescription does not change what is in the vial or who checked it. If the problem is a tendon, ligament or muscle injury, the treatments a clinician can actually prescribe are the ones in the comparison table above, and the muscle-growth guide explains why no injectable peptide currently ranks above a rehabilitation program for recovery. The question to ask any provider is the tracker's: which pharmacy, in which state, on what legal basis? For TB-500 there is no answer.

Bottom line

TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment sold on the reputation of a 43-amino-acid protein. The protein has a real but unimpressive clinical record: two failed Phase 3 trials in dry eye, a promising 18-patient trial in corneal ulcers, unconfirmed signals in skin ulcers and heart attack, and good short-term tolerability at huge intravenous doses. The fragment has one rat study, no human study, a vendor-dependent identity, a cancer signal that FDA's own reviewers raised, and a place on the WADA list by name. The advisory committee's 8-6 vote in July 2026 changed none of that, and no US pharmacy may compound it. If someone is selling it to you, they are selling a research vial, and the evidence behind it fits in a paragraph.

Frequently asked questions

+−What are the differences between TB-500 and BPC-157?

They are unrelated molecules. BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid fragment of a gut protein with about 220 rodent papers and three small uncontrolled human pilot studies. TB-500 is a 7-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4, a protein found in every cell, with one rat study and no human study at all; the human trials that exist used the full 43-amino-acid protein as eye drops, gels or infusions. Both are sold for healing, both were recommended by FDA's advisory committee in July 2026 over FDA's objections, and neither may be compounded as of October 2026. TB-500 is named on the WADA list; BPC-157 is banned under the catch-all S0 category.

+−Is TB-500 the same as thymosin beta-4?

No. Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid protein your body makes in large amounts. TB-500 is a product name: doping-control laboratories that analyzed it found its key ingredient was the acetylated 17-to-23 fragment, seven amino acids that form the protein's actin-binding site. Some vendors sell the full protein under the TB-500 name, some sell the fragment, and a 2023 analysis found the contents of TB500 products were not consistently what the labels described. FDA made the same point in 2026: sequences and molecular weights vary by vendor.

+−What is TB-500 used for?

Sellers promote it for wound healing, tendon and ligament repair, flexibility, hair growth and recovery, usually injected subcutaneously, and often together with BPC-157 as the Wolverine stack. None of those uses has been tested in a human study of TB-500. Full-length thymosin beta-4 was developed by a US company for dry eye, corneal ulcers, skin ulcers and heart attack, with mixed results and no approval.

+−Can I take TB 500 every day?

There is no studied schedule for TB-500 in humans, so nobody can say what daily, weekly or monthly dosing does. Seller charts usually describe a 'loading phase' of 2 to 2.5 mg twice a week for four to six weeks followed by monthly 'maintenance', numbers that come from vendor forums, not studies. The full-length protein was given intravenously every day for 14 days at up to 1,260 mg in a Phase 1 trial without dose-limiting toxicity, but that is a different molecule, a different route and a pharmaceutical-grade product.

+−Does TB500 affect testosterone?

There is no evidence that it does, and no human study has measured hormones after TB-500. Thymosin beta-4 is not a hormone, does not act on androgen receptors and is not part of the growth hormone axis. Claims that it raises or lowers testosterone are not based on any study. Note that it is banned in sport under S2, the same category as growth factors, because of its tissue-repair effects, not because it acts on sex hormones.

+−Who shouldn't take TB 500?

Anyone with an active cancer or a recent cancer history, because thymosin beta-4 promotes the migration of cells and the growth of blood vessels and, in mouse experiments, made melanoma tumors larger and more metastatic; anyone pregnant or breastfeeding; competitive athletes, for whom it is prohibited at all times; and anyone unwilling to inject a product whose contents vary by vendor and are checked by no one. People with clotting disorders or on anticoagulants should also be cautious, since the protein is involved in platelet biology.

+−Does TB-500 cause cancer?

Nobody knows, and the signal is in the wrong direction. Thymosin beta-4 is overexpressed in many human cancers, and forcing mouse melanoma cells to make more of it roughly doubled tumor size and quadrupled lung metastases. The fragment sold as TB-500 contains the protein's actin-binding, migration-promoting site. FDA and several of its advisory committee members raised a possible cancer signal in July 2026, and one committee member voted no specifically because of the overlap between thymosin beta-4's function and tumor progression. No human study has looked.

+−Is TB-500 legal in the US?

It is not approved and, as of October 2026, no licensed pharmacy may compound it; it came off FDA's Category 2 list in April 2026 and was recommended by the advisory committee in July, but FDA has not published a rule. Possessing it is not a crime. Selling it for human use is, whatever the label says, and FDA sent warning letters to research-vial sellers in 2026 on exactly that basis.

+−Is TB-500 banned by WADA?

Yes, by name. The 2026 Prohibited List lists 'thymosin-beta 4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500' under S2.3, growth factors and growth factor modulators, prohibited at all times in and out of competition. Doping laboratories have had validated detection methods for the fragment and its metabolites since 2012, and USADA announced a four-year sanction in September 2025 for an athlete who possessed and used BPC-157 and TB-500.

Sources

1. ReviewSosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, Wheater M. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB J 2010;24:2144-51. (2010)
2. StudyEsposito S et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal 2012;4:733-8. (2012)
3. StudyDelcourt V et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: a scientific approach for a better understanding of misbranded and adulterated drugs. Drug Test Anal 2023;15:458-64. (2023)
4. StudyRuff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1194:223-9. (2010)
5. StudySosne G, Ousler GW. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE) model. Clin Ophthalmol 2015;9:877-84. (2015)
6. SourceClinicalTrials.gov NCT03937882. ARISE-3: RGN-259 (thymosin beta-4) ophthalmic solution versus placebo for dry eye, Phase 3, 699 participants, 2019-2021; results posted August 28, 2026. (2026)
7. StudySosne G et al. 0.1% RGN-259 (thymosin beta-4) ophthalmic solution promotes healing and improves comfort in neurotrophic keratopathy patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked phase III clinical trial. Int J Mol Sci 2022;24:554. (2022)
8. StudyGuarnera G, DeRosa A, Camerini R. The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1194:207-12. (2010)
9. ReviewTreadwell T et al. The regenerative peptide thymosin beta4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1270:37-44. (2012)
10. ReviewYang WS, Kang S, Sung J, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries. Eur J Dermatol 2019;29:459-67. (2019)
11. StudyZhang Y et al. Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2025;121:2747-58. (2025)
12. StudyCha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1674-80. (2003)
13. StudyBicer O et al. Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: a histopathological and biomechanical study. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2026;37:822-37. (2026)
14. RegulatoryWorld Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List (in force January 1, 2026): S2.3 growth factors and growth factor modulators names thymosin-beta 4 and its derivatives, e.g. TB-500; S0 covers non-approved substances. (2026)
15. NewsPalmer KL, Snow CD, Bass M. PCAC approves four bulk drug substances for the 503A list (BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, MOTS-c). FDA Law Blog, Hyman Phelps & McNamara, July 24, 2026. (2026)